HRT raises risk of kidney stones

Sunday 13 October 2013

Islamabad, Oct 14 (Newswire): Women who undergo hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopause are much more likely to develop painful kidney stones.

Researchers from the University of Texas, US, studied 24,000 post-menopausal women over five years. They found that those who took hormones had a 21 per cent higher risk of getting kidney stones compared to those who took a dummy pill.

The risks were similar for women taking Prempro, pills containing estrogen plus progestin - or Premarin, estrogen-only pills.

Recent data suggests that about six per cent of postmenopausal women develop kidney stones, according to the journal Archives of Internal Medicine.

The kidneys remove waste products from the blood and transfer them into the ureter. Occasionally, this waste can form into crystals that collect together into stone-like lumps.

They can grow to the size of golf balls and cause severe pain. If the stones block the urinary system, they can cause infection and kidney damage.

Large stones are sometimes treated with non-invasive shock wave therapy or surgery.

Study leader, Naim Maalouf, said women considering HRT to ease hot flushes and other symptoms such as mood swings should look at the bigger picture, weighing those benefits against the risks for kidney stones.

He added that HRT has also been linked with far more serious health problems such as breast cancer and heart attacks.

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Toothpaste may be spread superbugs

Islamabad, Oct 14 (Newswire): An antibacterial chemical commonly used in toothpastes may pose a threat to your health, a European Union committee has warned.

The EU's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety, which provide scientific advice to the European Commission related to non-food issues, has said that triclosan may promote widespread bacterial resistance to antibiotics.

The committee has also called for further safety studies to reconfirm its role in spreading superbugs.

The chemical is also used in handwashes and cosmetics.
Laboratory studies have shown triclosan can trigger gene mutations in bacteria, enabling them to protect themselves against it.

When this happens, the bacteria release proteins which transport this new-found protection to other bacteria.

This 'cross-resistance' has the potential to undermine the effectiveness of antibiotics and other life-saving medicines.
Studies have shown there are already bacterial mutations of E. coli, salmonella and listeria, which have some degree of resistance to triclosan.

Some strains of the hospital superbug MRSA have also developed low levels of triclosan resistance.
Triclosan was developed almost 50 years ago and was first used as a surgical scrub.

The US Food & Drug Administration has also found evidence that triclosan is a hormone disruptor. But the chemical is so commonly used that it is found in the urine of 75 per cent of the American population, a recent CDC report said.

Meanwhile, reacting to the reports, Colgate Palmolive has said the benefits of adding triclosan to its Total range outweigh the risk.
A spokeswoman said: "Colgate Total toothpaste is clinically proven to reduce the bacteria and plaque that can lead to gingivitis."

"This is an important benefit because there is a significant and growing body of scientific research on the association between periodontal disease and systemic health conditions, including heart disease, stroke and diabetes."

GlaxoSmithKline, a leading healthcare company, has however adopted a more cautious approach and decided to withdraw triclosan from its range of products.

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US begins first trial with human embryonic stem cells

Islamabad, Oct 14 (Newswire): US doctors have begun the first tests of human embryonic stem cells in patients, treating a man with spinal cord injuries in a landmark trial of the controversial process, the Geron Corporation said.

The patient began the pioneering treatment on Friday with an injection of the biotech company's human embryonic stem cells, as part of a clinical trial that aims to test safety and efficacy toward regaining sensation and movement.

The treatment took place at the Shepherd Center in Atlanta, Georgia, a spokeswoman for the hospital said, declining to give further details due to patient privacy concerns.

The Phase-I trial is expected to involve around 10 patients. Participants in the human trials must be severely injured and start treatment with Geron's product, GRNOPC1, seven to 14 days after sustaining their injury.

Patients will be given a single injection of two million of Geron's GRNOPC1 cells in the trial.

Those taking part will be followed up for one year to monitor safety and also to see if they have regained any sensory function or movement in their lower extremities.

If the initial group of subjects shows no negative side-effects, Geron plans to seek FDA approval to extend the study to increase the dose of GRNOPC1 and to include patients with "as broad a range of severe spinal cord-injured patients as medically appropriate.

"The ultimate goal for GRNOPC1 is to inject it directly into the spinal cord lesions of injured humans where it would, Geron hopes, prompt damaged nerve cells to regrow, enabling patients to eventually recover feeling and movement.

Geron began working with human embryonic stem cells in 1999.
Back then, "many predicted that it would be a number of decades before a cell therapy would be approved for human clinical trials," Geron's president and chief executive Thomas Okarma said in a statement.

Okarma described Monday's start of the clinical trial as "a milestone for the field of human embryonic stem cell-based therapies."GRNOPC1 is made up of cells containing precursors to oligodendrocytes — multi-tasking cells that occur in the nervous system.
Oligodendrocytes are lost in spinal cord injury, resulting in myelin and neuronal loss which cause paralysis in many patients.
Preclinical studies of GRNOPC1 found that when it was injected into the injury site of animals with spinal cord injuries, it migrated throughout the lesion site and matured into oligodendrocytes.

Those oligodendrocytes then re-lined axons with myelin, the insulating layers of cell membrane that wrap around the axons of neurons to enable them to conduct electrical impulses.

The process produced biologicals that enhance the survival and function of neurons, resulting in significantly improved locomotion in the treated animals.

In the animal trials, GRNOPC1 was injected seven days after the injury was sustained.

Every year, some 12,000 people in the United States sustain spinal cord injuries, usually in automobile accidents or from falls, gunshot wounds and sports.

Geron got clearance in January 2009 from the Food and Drug Administration to conduct human trials of GRNOPC1.

Around six weeks later, President, Barack Obama, reversed a ban on federal funding for research on human embryonic stem cells, which had been imposed by his predecessor at the White House, George W. Bush.

But the clinical trials of GRNOPC1 remained on hold for more than a year while the US courts wrangled about whether lifting the ban on embryonic stem cell research was legal.

Backers of the research believe the field holds huge potential for treating serious diseases including cancer and Alzheimer's, and even for reversing paralysis.

Opponents argue that living embryos are destroyed in order to obtain the potentially life-saving embryonic stem cells.

Legislation passed by Congress in 1996 bans federal funding for research in which human embryos are either destroyed or discarded.

In lifting the ban on embryonic stem cell research, the Obama administration argued the research does not require disposal or destruction of the embryos, which were created for in-vitro fertilization treatments but never used.

Last month, a US appeals court ruled that the federal funding can continue, dissolving a lower court's ban.

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